Placing favelas on the tourist city map: between commodification and legitimisation

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és explicar fins a quin punt les pràctiques i les actuacions dels turistes intervenen amb la producció o la reproducció d'espais i comunitats marginals. Al llarg de la investigació, reflexionem sobre si el turisme podria ser una via per legitimar les persones i els llocs marginats, a diverses escales, al Sud urbà global. Examinem els efectes d'estructuració i configuració que el turisme té sobre llocs i comunitats marginades i trobem que les pràctiques turístiques no sempre funcionen a favor de la legitimació i l'apoderament cultural sinó per legitimar processos neoliberals de desenvolupament, control i fiscalització. Emmarquem aquesta investigació dins de les Teories No Representacionals (Thrift, 1996; 2008). Aquest grup postestructuralista de teories, conceptes, idees i mètodes emfatitza l'agència del cos en moviment i la manca de jerarquia entre humans i coses, i centra l'anàlisi en com interactuen, coexisteixen i s'afecten entre ells aquests actors híbrids per produir realitats i donar sentit al món. L'aplicació de NRT als estudis del turisme de barris marginals implica partir de les empremtes simbòliques de significat, marques o creacions de mites dels barris marginals i, en canvi, insta a seguir les pràctiques dels turistes a l'espai i les consegüents relacions entreteixides amb altres persones, espais, objectes i idees. Dins d'aquests processos, argumentem que els turistes tenen agència en la co-creació de significats que potencialment poden valorar els espais i la cultura dels barris marginals i proporcionar a les parts integrals nous valors i poder. La tesi explora el cas de la favela turística Santa Marta a Rio de Janeiro, que ha estat una de les faveles més visitades d'aquesta ciutat des de principis de la dècada de 1990. Utilitzem tres enfocaments metodològics per analitzar els processos de valorització i legitimació dels turistes, primer, un relat autoetnogràfic per analitzar l'experiència personal de l'investigador; segon, recreem dos actors-xarxes entrellaçats després de dos tours antagòniques a Santa Marta; finalment, fem una anàlisi de discurs de diferents textos i actors, i els analitzem proposant tres categories de legitimació.El objetivo de esta tesis es explicar hasta qué punto las prácticas y actuaciones de los turistas intervienen con la producción o reproducción de espacios y comunidades marginales. A lo largo de la investigación, reflexionamos sobre si el turismo podría ser una vía para legitimar a las personas y los lugares marginados, en varias escalas, en el Sur urbano global. Examinamos los efectos de estructuración y configuración que el turismo tiene sobre lugares y comunidades marginadas y encontramos que las prácticas turísticas no siempre funcionan a favor de la legitimación y el empoderamiento cultural, sino para legitimar procesos neoliberales de desarrollo, control y fiscalización. Enmarcamos esta investigación dentro de las Teorías No Representacionales (Thrift, 1996; 2008). Este grupo postestructuralista de teorías, conceptos, ideas y métodos enfatiza la agencia del cuerpo en movimiento y la falta de jerarquía entre humanos y cosas, y centra el análisis en cómo estos actores híbridos interactúan, coexisten y se afectan entre sí para producir realidades y dar sentido al mundo. La aplicación de NRT a los estudios del turismo de barrios marginales implica partir de las huellas simbólicas de significado, marcas o creaciones de mitos de los barrios marginales y, en cambio, insta a seguir las prácticas de los turistas en el espacio y las consiguientes relaciones entretejidas con otras personas, espacios, objetos e ideas. Dentro de estos procesos, argumentamos que los turistas tienen agencia en la co-creación de significados que potencialmente pueden valorar los espacios y la cultura de los barrios marginales y proporcionar a sus partes integrales nuevos valores y poder. La tesis explora el caso de la favela turística Santa Marta en Río de Janeiro, que ha sido una de las favelas más visitadas de esa ciudad desde principios de la década de 1990. Utilizamos tres enfoques metodológicos para analizar los procesos de valorización y legitimación de los turistas, primero, un relato auto-etnográfico para analizar la experiencia personal del investigador; segundo, recreamos dos actores-redes entrelazados luego de dos tours antagónicas en Santa Marta; por último, realizamos un análisis de discurso de diferentes textos y actores, y los analisamos proponiendo tres categorías de legitimación.This PhD thesis aims to explain the extent to which tourists’ practices and performances can become enmeshed with the production or reproduction of slummed spaces and communities. Throughout the research, we reflect on whether tourism could be an avenue to legitimise marginalised people and places at various scales in the broader society of the Global urban South. We examined tourism's structuring and shaping effects over marginalised places and communities to find that tourist practices do not always work in favour of slums’ cultural legitimization and empowerment but for legitimising neoliberal development, control and fiscalization processes. We frame this investigation within Non-representational Theories (Thrift, 1996; 2008), or rather, more-than-representational ones. This post-structuralist group of theories, concepts, ideas and methods emphasise the agency of the moving and sentient body and the lack of hierarchy between humans and non-human things and centres the analysis on how hybrid actors interact, coexist and affect each other to produce realities and make sense of the world. Applying NRT to slum tourism’s studies entails departing from symbolic traces of meaning, branding or myth creations of slums and instead urges to follow tourists' embodied practices enacted on space and the consequent relations interwoven with other people, spaces, objects, and ideas, to create different versions of the tourist slum. Within these processes, we argue that tourists have agency in co-creating meanings that can potentially value slums’ spaces and culture and provide slum dwellers with new values and power. The dissertation explores the case of tourist favela Santa Marta in Rio de Janeiro, which has been one of the most visited slums in that city since the early 1990s. We use three methodological approaches to analyse tourists’ valorisation and legitimisation processes, first, an autoethnographic account to analyse the researcher’s personal experience; second, we recreate two actor-networks interwoven after two antagonistic tours in Santa Marta; lastly, we undertake a discourse analysis of media articles, for which we propose three legitimation categories

Gallbladder perforation with liver abscess; laparoscopic cholecystectomy converted to open: a case report

Gallbladder disease affects more than 20 million people in the United States. Acute cholecystitis is a clinic entity characterized by the inflammation of the vesicular wall that is usually manipulated by abdominal pain, right hypochondrial sensitivity and fever. The technique of choice for the diagnosis of cholecystitis is abdominal ultrasound; gallbladder perforation is a rare complication of acute cholecystitis (2%-11%). The presence of perivesicular abscesses is infrequent, its prevalence varies between 2.1% and 19.5%. Clinical record was reviewed of a 73 years old woman who attended a second level public care unit, with a clinical picture of acute chronic lithiasis cholecystitis, who underwent surgery consisting of open converted laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a finding of vesicular perforation with liver abscess, it was initiated with laparoscopic approach, it was not possible to identify anatomical structures, so it was decided to convert to open surgery. Cholecystectomy and abdominal lavage are usually sufficient in the treatment of gallbladder perforation

Latitude does not influence cavity entrance orientation of South American avian excavators

In the Northern Hemisphere, several avian cavity excavators (e.g., woodpeckers) orient their cavities increasingly toward the equator as latitude increases (i.e., farther north), and it is proposed that they do so to take advantage of incident solar radiation at their nests. If latitude is a key driver of cavity orientations globally, this pattern should extend to the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we test the prediction that cavities are oriented increasingly northward at higher (i.e., colder) latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and describe the preferred entrance direction(s) of 1501 cavities excavated by 25 avian species (n = 22 Picidae, 2 Trogonidae, 1 Furnariidae) across 12 terrestrial ecoregions (15°S ? 55°S) in South America. We used Bayesian projected normal mixed-effects models for circular data to examine the influence of latitude, and potential confounding factors, on cavity orientation. Also, a probability model selection procedure was used to simultaneously examine multiple orientation hypotheses in each ecoregion, to explore underlying cavity-orientation patterns. Contrary to predictions, and patterns from the Northern Hemisphere, birds did not orient their cavities more toward the equator with increasing latitude, suggesting that latitude may not be an important underlying selective force shaping excavation behavior in South America. Moreover, unimodal cavity-entrance orientations were not frequent among the ecoregions analyzed (infour ecoregions), whereas bimodal (in five ecoregions) or uniform (in three ecoregions) werealso common, although many of these patterns were not very sharp. Our results highlight the need to include data from under-studied biotas and regions to improve inferences at macroecology scales. Furthermore, we suggest a re-analysis of Northern Hemisphere cavity orientation patterns using a multimodel approach, and a more comprehensive assessment of the role of environmental factors as drivers of cavity orientation at different spatial scales in both hemispheres.Fil: Ojeda, Valeria Susana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; ArgentinaFil: Schaaf, Alejandro Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Altamirano, Tatiana Edith. University of British Columbia; CanadáFil: Bonaparte, Eugenia Bianca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Bragagnolo, Laura Araceli. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Chazarreta, L.. Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrallo Sustentable de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Dias, R.. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Di Sallo, Facundo Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Ibarra, T.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Ippi, Silvina Graciela. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jauregui, Adrian. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Área Zoología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jimenez, Jaime E.. Universidad de Magallanes; ChileFil: Lammertink, J. Martjan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, F.. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Nuñez Montellano, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: de la Peña, Martín. No especifíca;Fil: Rivera, Luis Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Vivanco, Constanza Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; ArgentinaFil: Santillán, Miguel. Museo de Historia Natural de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Soto, G.. Cornell University; Estados UnidosFil: Vergara, P.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Politi, Natalia. University of North Texas; Estados Unido

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Osteopetrosis infantil maligna. Reporte de 3 casos en un centro

Osteopetrosis refers to a heterogeneous group of rare hereditary diseases, recognized as affecting bone structure.Autosomal recessive (ARO), autosomal dominant (ADO), or X-linked inheritance determine extreme clinical variability.The pathogenesis of ARO or infantile malignant form is centered in the osteoclast. The incidence of this variety in the population is estimated to be 1 in 250,000 births.Patients characteristically have increased bone density on imaging.The age of onset and the phenotype make up a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from an asymptomatic radiological finding in adulthood (ADO) to the severity of the neonatal onset.A characteristic early onset of hypocalcemic seizures with increased PTH, growth retardation, fractures, compressive obliterative neuropathy, respiratory compromise, blindness, and progressive pancytopenia are characteristic of classic ARO.The clinical and hematologic presentation of ARO may be initially indistinguishable from juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.Bone marrow failure caused by bone space reduction leads to extramedullary hematopoiesis, hepatosplenomegaly and recurrent infections.The only curative treatment available for classic ARO is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, indicated according to the genetic study, bone biopsy and the clinical evolution of the patient.Se denomina osteopetrosis a un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades hereditarias poco frecuentes, reconocidas por afectar la estructura ósea.La herencia autosómico recesiva (ARO), autosómico dominante (ADO) o ligada a X determinan la variabilidadclínica extrema.La patogenia de la ARO o forma maligna infantil se encuentra centrada en el osteoclasto. Se estima que la incidencia de esta variedad en la población es de 1 en 250.000 nacimientos.De forma característica los pacientes presentan aumento de la densidad ósea en las imágenes.La edad de comienzo y el fenotipo conforman un espectro amplio de manifestaciones clínicas, desde un hallazgo radiológico asintomático en la adultez (ADO) a la severidad del inicio neonatal.En la ARO clásica es característica la aparición temprana de convulsiones por hipocalcemia con aumento de la PTH, retraso del crecimiento, fracturas, neuropatía obliterante compresiva, compromiso respiratorio, ceguera y pancitopenia progresiva.La presentación clínica y hematológica de la ARO puede ser indistinguible en primer término de la leucemia mielomonocítica juvenil.El fallo medular ocasionado por la reducción del espacio óseo genera hematopoyesis extramedular, hepatoesplenomegalia e infecciones recurrentes.El único tratamiento curativo disponible para la ARO clásica es el trasplante de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas, indicado de acuerdo al estudio genético, biopsia ósea y la evolución clínica del paciente

Assessing Polychlorinated Dibenzo‑<i>p</i>‑dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans in Air across Latin American Countries Using Polyurethane Foam Disk Passive Air Samplers

A passive air sampling network has been established to investigate polychlorinated dibenzo-<i>p</i>-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) sites and six additional sites in the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC) region. The air sampling network covers background, agricultural, rural, and urban sites. Samples have been collected over four consecutive periods of 6 months, which started in January 2011 [period 1 (January to June 2011), period 2 (July to December 2011), period 3 (January to June 2012), and period 4 (July 2012 to January 2013)]. Results show that (i) the GAPS passive samplers (PUF disk type) and analytical methodology are adequate for measuring PCDD/F burdens in air and (ii) PCDD/F concentrations in air across the GRULAC region are widely variable by almost 2 orders of magnitude. The highest concentrations in air of Σ_4–8PCDD/Fs were found at the urban site São Luis (Brazil, UR) (i.e., 2560 fg/m³) followed by the sites in São Paulo (Brazil, UR), Mendoza (Argentina, RU), and Sonora (Mexico, AG) with values of 1690, 1660, and 1610 fg/m³, respectively. Very low concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air were observed at the background site Tapanti (Costa Rica, BA), 10.8 fg/m³. This variability is attributed to differences in site characteristics and potential local/regional sources as well as meteorological influences. The measurements of PCDD/Fs in air agree well with model-predicted concentrations performed using the Global EMEP Multimedia Modeling System (GLEMOS) and emission scenario constructed on the basis of the UNEP Stockholm Convention inventory of dioxin and furan emissions

Assessing polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in air across latin american countries using polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers

A passive air sampling network has been established to investigate polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) sites and six additional sites in the Group of Latin American and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC) region. The air sampling network covers background, agricultural, rural, and urban sites. Samples have been collected over four consecutive periods of 6 months, which started in January 2011 [period 1 (January to June 2011), period 2 (July to December 2011), period 3 (January to June 2012), and period 4 (July 2012 to January 2013)]. Results show that (i) the GAPS passive samplers (PUF disk type) and analytical methodology are adequate for measuring PCDD/F burdens in air and (ii) PCDD/F concentrations in air across the GRULAC region are widely variable by almost 2 orders of magnitude. The highest concentrations in air of∑4-8PCDD/Fs were found at the urban site São Luis (Brazil, UR) (i.e., 2560 fg/m3) followed by the sites in São Paulo (Brazil, UR), Mendoza (Argentina, RU), and Sonora (Mexico, AG) with values of 1690, 1660, and 1610 fg/m3, respectively. Very low concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air were observed at the background site Tapanti (Costa Rica, BA), 10.8 fg/m3. This variability is attributed to differences in site characteristics and potential local/regional sources as well as meteorological influences. The measurements of PCDD/Fs in air agree well with model-predicted concentrations performed using the Global EMEP Multimedia Modeling System (GLEMOS) and emission scenario constructed on the basis of the UNEP Stockholm Convention inventory of dioxin and furan emissions.Fil: Schuster, Jasmin K.. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Harner, Tom. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Fillmann, Gilberto. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande; BrasilFil: Ahrens, Lutz. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Altamirano, Jorgelina Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Aristizábal, Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Bastos, Wanderley. Universidade Federal de Rondonia. Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental, ; BrasilFil: Castillo, Luisa Eugenia. Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances; Costa RicaFil: Cortés, Johana. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Fentanes, Oscar. Cenica/ine, Naucalpan de Juárez; MéxicoFil: Gusev, Alexey. Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-east; RusiaFil: Hernandez, Maricruz. Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Villa Ibarra, Martı́n. Instituto Tecnologico Superior de Cajeme; MéxicoFil: Lana, Nerina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Lee, Sum Chi. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Martı́nez, Ana Patricia. Cenica/ine, Naucalpan de Juárez; MéxicoFil: Miglioranza, Karina Silvia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Padilla Puerta, Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Segovia, Federico. Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Siu, May. Environment Canada; CanadáFil: Yumiko Tominaga, Maria. Cetesb; Brasi